Vehicle category for M1 M2 M3

According to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), vehicles are classified into several categories, of which category M is defined as a motor vehicle with at least four wheels used for the carriage of passengers. category M is further subdivided into three subcategories Category M vehicles are further subdivided into three sub-categories, namely M1, M2 and M3, as follows:

1. Category M1 vehicles

• Definition: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers and having a seating capacity of not more than eight persons in addition to the driver's seat.

• Regulations: Must comply with safety, emission and crash test standards for light passenger vehicles.

• Typical Vehicles: Sedans, SUVs, MPVs, etc.

• Applicable Scenarios:

Family or personal daily travelling.

Urban commuting and short-distance travelling.

Suitable for general road driving, focusing on comfort and fuel economy.

Category M1 vehicles

2. M2 category vehicles

• Definition: vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, with more than 8 seats in addition to the driver's seat, and with a maximum gross mass not exceeding 5 tonnes.

• Regulations: Stricter safety requirements, including reinforced structures and accessibility.

• Typical vehicle types: small passenger cars, school buses, tourist buses, etc.

• Applicable Scenarios:

Urban public transport.

Shuttle services for schools or enterprises.

Short distance group travelling.

M2 category vehicles

3. M3 Category Vehicles

• DEFINITION: Vehicles used for the carriage of passengers, with more than 8 seats in addition to the driver's seat, and with a maximum gross mass of more than 5 tonnes.

• Regulations: Must comply with heavy vehicle safety standards (e.g. rollover protection, emergency exits).

• Typical vehicle types: large buses, coaches, double-decker buses, etc.

• Applicable Scenarios:

Long-distance passenger transport and intercity transport.

Tourist and sightseeing buses.

High-capacity urban public transport.

M3 Category Vehicles

4. Common features of Class M vehicles

• Passenger use: all M category vehicles are used for carrying passengers and not for goods transport.

• Safety standards: They must meet the safety regulations set by UNECE, including seat strength, seat belts, fire performance, etc.

• Environmental requirements: They have to meet the emission standards, especially for M2 and M3 vehicles, which are mostly used in public transport and have higher environmental requirements.

5. Summary of Applicable Scenarios

• M1: suitable for personal or family use, focusing on comfort and economy.

• M2: Suitable for small and medium-sized group transport, such as school buses or city buses.

• M3: Suitable for large-scale passenger transport, such as long-distance passenger transport or high-capacity city buses.

Vehicles in category M are UNECE classified as being exclusively for the carriage of passengers and cover a wide range of types, from personal use vehicles to large public transport vehicles. By subdividing the M1, M2 and M3 categories, it is possible to better meet the needs of different scenarios for carrying passengers, while ensuring that safety and environmental standards are enforced.

M1 seat

At Xiamen Van Seat, we have been developing and upgrading seats for M1, M2 and M3 vehicles, and continuously innovating designs, committed to providing owners of different types of vehicles with satisfactory M1 Seat, M2 Seat and M3 Seat. If you want to purchase our affordable van seats to improve the comfort of your van, please contact us.

Why Is It Called A Coach Bus

The origin of the term ‘Coach Bus’ is an interesting one, with a strong historical background as well as representing the development of transport. So why is it Called a Coach Bus? Let's delve deeper into the origins of the term and find out more about its historical origins and what makes coaches and their seating systems so unique.

coach bus seat

Historical Origins

The ‘Coach Bus’ originated in the 15th century in the Hungarian town of Kocsi, where the village designed a coach known as kocsi szekér (‘coach from Kocsi’), which was sturdy, smooth-running, with excellent suspension, and well adapted to rough terrain. that could adapt well to bumps on rough roads. The term spread throughout Europe, evolving into ‘Kutsche’ (German), ‘coche’ (Spanish/French) and finally ‘coach’ in English. ‘ in English.

By the 19th century, ‘coach’ came to be associated with any form of comfortable long-distance transport, and was synonymous with long-distance passenger transport, a motorised vehicle designed specifically for comfort and durability.

From horse-drawn carriages to the modern coach

At the beginning of the 20th century, motorised vehicles officially replaced horse-drawn carriages. With the development of modern society, the term ‘coach’ refers exclusively to vehicles designed for long-distance travel, prioritising passenger comfort, safety and efficiency. For example, the first motorised buses were equipped with upholstered seats, larger windows, climate control and on-board toilets, offering features such as better visibility and more stable suspension, bringing similar comfort and convenience to traditional coaches. These buses are generally used for intercity travel, continuing the tradition of long-distance transport.

Features of modern buses

-Ergonomic seats, ample legroom, and a vibration-damping system for long-distance comfort.

-Reinforced construction, fireproof materials, and an advanced braking system are used to maximise the safety of the vehicle.

-The interior of the vehicle allows the owner to have a customisable and flexible layout, which can be equipped with premium upholstery, luxury entertainment facilities and more.

-Unlike standard buses, coach seats are designed for uninterrupted comfort over long periods of time.

The term ‘coach’ carries centuries of innovation, from the carriages of Kocs to today's state-of-the-art buses. The same Xiamen Van Seat has always upgraded and innovated the quality, safety and design of the coach to meet the demands of the modern world. Our coach bus seats are designed to meet the demands of long distance travelling with several stars, and are the perfect combination of versatility and comfort, please visit www.luxuryvanseat.com to find out more about our coach bus seat.

Best Aftermarket Clutch Master Cylinder in 2025 Why KOMP Leads the Pack

Best Aftermarket Clutch Master Cylinder in 2025: Why KOMP Leads the Pack

When it comes to finding the best aftermarket clutch master cylinder manufacturer in 2025, car owners and mechanics alike are placing their trust in KOMP—a standout name in the world of automotive components. Based in China, KOMP has earned a solid reputation as a leading clutch master cylinder manufacturer, producing high-performance parts that rival OEM standards at a fraction of the cost.
clutch master cylinder price

KOMP specializes in brake pumps and clutch pumps, and their dedication to quality shows in every product they produce. With a firm focus on durability, all KOMP clutch master cylinders are crafted from high-quality raw materials that ensure smooth operation and a longer lifespan. Whether you're looking for a direct OEM clutch master cylinder replacement or upgrading for better performance, KOMP provides options that deliver both reliability and value.

KOMP can become the top clutch pump manufacturer not only because of good quality, but also because of their service. KOMP produces more than 3,000 models of products. No matter which one you need, contact KOMP, there will be professional salesmen to help you buy the products you need, serving you 24 hours a day.

One of the key features setting KOMP apart from other brands is their industry-leading warranty—offering 1 year or 30,000 km of coverage. This reflects their confidence in manufacturing excellence and provides customers with peace of mind, especially when tackling a clutch master cylinder replacement project.

In 2025, the demand for dependable aftermarket solutions continues to grow, and KOMP has positioned itself at the forefront by combining competitive pricing with rigorous quality control. Mechanics appreciate the easy installation and perfect fit of KOMP products, while end users benefit from responsive clutch feel and long-term durability.

Whether you're a DIY enthusiast or a professional repair technician, choosing KOMP means choosing performance, safety, and reliability. For anyone seeking the best aftermarket clutch master cylinder this year, look no further than KOMP—where premium quality meets real-world dependability.

How Many Miles Should a Brake Master Cylinder Last?

How Many Miles Should a Brake Master Cylinder Last?

On average, a brake master cylinder should last from 10 to 20 years or 100,000 to 200,000 miles. This wide range depends on several factors, including the quality of the part, driving conditions, and maintenance. Vehicles that undergo frequent heavy braking, such as those used for towing or city driving, may experience a shorter lifespan for their master cylinder. Master cylinders are quite robust. Mainly what goes first are the rubber seals. Regular brake fluid changes can significantly extend its longevity, as contaminated fluid can lead to internal corrosion and seal degradation.

Signs That Your Brake Master Cylinder Needs Replacement
Even the Top brake master cylinder brands will eventually wear out. Some common symptoms of a failing brake master cylinder include:

Spongy or soft brake pedal – This could indicate a leak or internal failure.
Brake fluid leaks – If you notice fluid near the master cylinder, it may be time for a replacement.
Warning lights – The brake warning light on your dashboard may illuminate if there is a pressure imbalance.
Reduced braking efficiency – If stopping your vehicle becomes more difficult, the master cylinder could be the culprit.

Choosing the Right Replacement
When replacing your brake master cylinder, it is essential to select a high-quality component. An lmport brake master cylinder ensures compatibility with a range of vehicles while maintaining superior performance. Some manufacturers also offer the option to Custom logo brake master cylinder, allowing businesses to brand their aftermarket parts.

For a dependable replacement, consider the KOMP brand brake master cylinder. KOMP specializes in manufacturing aftermarket brake master cylinder, ensuring high-quality craftsmanship. Each cylinder with 1-year or 15000 Miles warranty, providing peace of mind and excellent value for money. Whether you need a replacement for your daily driver or a fleet vehicle, KOMP’s brake master cylinders offer durability and performance you can trust.

Why do people love forged wheels more than cast ones?

Forged wheels are made with care and perform amazingly with lightweight. They’re not just for looks; they change how your car can perform.

The advantages of forged wheels:

1.Aluminum alloy forged wheels are known for their strength and performance.

2.Lightweight forged rims make your car faster and handle better.

3.You can choose from many designs for looks and function.

4.Forged wheels are made under high pressure for strength and efficiency.

What are Forged Wheels?
Forged wheels show off amazing engineering skills. They are the top in wheel technology. They start with a solid piece of aluminum alloy, called a billet. Then, this billet is shaped into a wheel under huge pressure.
Forged wheels are different from cast ones. Cast wheels melt metal and pour it into a mold. But forged wheels keep the metal's natural strength. This makes them not just lighter but also much stronger.
When making forged wheels, special CNC milling machines are used. These machines make detailed and precise patterns. These patterns look luxurious and perform well, making each wheel a mix of beauty and function.
Forged wheels are made for lasting durability and strength. They are loved in the car world for these reasons. They are the top pick for those who want style and efficiency in their driving.
Benefits of Forged Wheels
Forged wheels are great for car lovers. They are made with strong alloys and precise methods for top performance. These wheels last longer, are lighter, and can be customized.
Durability
The forged wheel durability is top-notch. The special process used makes the wheels strong and tough. They can take a lot of driving stress without losing performance.
Weight Reduction
These wheels are made to be very light. This makes the car lighter, which means better gas mileage and smoother driving.
Customization
There are many custom forged wheel designs to choose from. You can pick the size and finish that fits your style. Brands like Vossen, BBS, and HRE offer many options. They mix looks with great performance.
Best Forged Wheels for Premium Performance
For car lovers in Singapore, picking the right wheels can make a big difference. We’ll talk about the top forged wheels from well-known brands. These wheels are known for their top-notch performance and look.
That's why the best forged wheels are a big deal.

How to choose the right forged wheels?

Custom forged wheels are probably the quickest way to enhance the appearance of your vehicle and give it a unique, personalized style. Aftermarket wheels come in a huge selection of designs and sizes and depending on your plan and budget, they can not only be used to improve the vehicle's look, but they can also considerably boost overall performance.
So what wheels would be best for you?
Well, when it comes to wheel styles, your choice is never ending. But, before talking about the appearance and performance capabilities, there are several important basics you need to know to choose the right wheels for your car, truck, or SUV.

Molecular Grain
Cast wheels have a uniform grain, where the molecules sit on top of each other and are held together by mechanical adhesion (like a bowl of cooked rice). Forged wheels have an interlocking grain structure that is more difficult to pull apart (like a bowl of spaghetti).

1- Piece “Monoblock” forged wheels

Monoblock wheels are created by forcing a round bar stock of aerospace-quality aluminum alloy between the forging dies under extreme pressure. Forging is an ultimate technology in one-piece wheels. It creates a finished wheel that is very dense and lightweight. Naturally, the costs of assembly make this type of wheel sit on the higher end of the market price range.

CNC carved forged monoblock wheel
2-piece forged wheels
Two pieced forged wheels divide into another two classes. Some manufacturers bolt the center of the two-piece wheel into a cast or spun rim section, while others weld the center to the hoop on the backside of the wheel. Higher end 2-piece wheels may use forged rims and forged centers, which make them significantly pricier.

2 piece passenger car wheel
3-piece bolted construction forged wheels
Due to the high cost of tooling, and CAD technologies involved, three-piece forged wheels are commonly the most expensive type of wheel construction. The wheel consists of three main pieces: the center, the outer lip and the inner hoop. All parts are normally held together with bolts and sealant applied in or on the assembly to seal the wheel.

Custom three piece wheels
Choosing the right size
When changing wheels, be sure to select a replacement with a bolt pattern or circle that matches the OEM pattern of your vehicle. Check what rim widths are recommended by the manufacturer of tires that you consider. To reach the best balance between ride, handling and treadwear, select a rim width in the middle of the manufacturer’s recommended range.

The offset of the rim is what locates the tire/wheel assembly in relation to the suspension. That’s why in order to maintain handling characteristics and avoid extra loads on bushings and ball joints, it is important to keep the front axle offsets on the FWD and AWD vehicles to the OEM specifications. Using the proper positive or negative offset for the vehicle’s rear wheels is important, but less so than using it at the front where the bearing load situation is critical.

Brake wheel cylinder installation instructions

Brake wheel cylinder installation instructions

MOUNTING-INSTRUCTIONS

Proper brake wheel cylinder replacement is essential for optimal performance and safety. For safety reasons and in order to achieve an optimal effect KOMP recommends to have all maintenance and repair work carried out by trained specialists and in compliance with the guidelines of the vehicle manufacturer.

While working on the brake system do not operate the brake pedal or the hand brake (damage to the brake system).
Draw the brake fluid out of the compensation tank.
Attention: Brake fluid has lacquer dissolving properties, do not consume and avoid contact with eyes and skin.
DISASSEMBLY:
• Jack the vehicle up, support and secure it against dropping down (1).
• Remove the wheels.
• Loosen the hand brake cable.
• Back off the brake shoe adjustment device.
• Now the drum can be pulled off by turning it slightly.

• Clamp off the brake hose with hose clamp (2).

Customisable brake wheel cylinder

• Remove the brake shoes using the appropriate special tools.
• Unhook the hand brake cable.
• Unscrew the brake line from the wheel cylinder and remove the factory wholesale brake wheel cylinder.
• Use brake cleaning agent, do not use compressed air to remove the brake dust. Any kind of inhaled dust is harmful to health.
• Clean brake drum and hub, remove the rust ring (3).
Bulk brake wheel cylinder for sale

ASSEMBLY:
• Install the new wheel brake cylinder, tighten the brake line with the torque specified by the manufacturer.
• Cover the contact area of the brake shoes on the anchor plate slightly with the grease (4).
• Fit the handbrake cable in the handbrake lever.
• Install and fix the brake shoes. Depending on the brake system place the adjuster in the initial position and adjust accordingly.
• Assemble the OEM wholesale brake wheel cylinder.
• Depending on the type of drum clean the wheel bearing and assemble it with fresh grease. Renew radial seal, cotter pin and locking nuts. Follow the guidelines of the vehicle manufacturer (5).
• Remove the hose clamp.
• Adjust the brake and operate the foot brake several times with power to enable the automatic adjustment system to adjust.
• Vent the brake system as specified by the vehicle manufacturer.
• Adjust the brake and hand brake.
Wholesale Price brake wheel cylinder

• Assemble the wheels.
• Tighten the wheel bolts with a torque wrench as specified by the vehicle manufacturer (6).
• Check the brake fluid level, fill up if necessary. Follow the operating instructions (7).
• Check the brake system for leaks.

• Check the brakes on the brake test bench, perform a test drive (8).

brake wheel cylinder repair

The above is the installation instructions of the brake wheel cylinder. If you need to add or want to consult more information, please leave us a message. Of course, if you want to buy the factory price brake wheel cylinder, we can also provide it for you.

How forged wheels is different from cast wheels？

1. Production method：

To produce a cast rim, molten metal is poured into molds and allowed to cool down, after which the blanks are processed on various machines — machined, holes are made, constructive bends, protrusions, ledges, etc. are added. The final stage may be the application of paint and varnish coating.

Casting wheels does not require expensive and bulky equipment, is carried out in several steps, does not take much time. These factors affect the cost of production, products are many times more expensive than forged analogs. But there are also disadvantages. The most serious of them is a granular structure with an abundance of airmicro-bubbles, which reduces the strength of the rim. Parts are subject to the formation of cracks, deformations. To compensate for this disadvantage, manufacturers are forced to increase the thickness of the product, and this, in turn, leads to an increase in weight and load on the chassis.

An alternative is alumina alloy forged wheels, although the name does not quite correctly reflect the process of their manufacture. It is rather not forging, but hot stamping in a closed mold. Molten metal is first poured into cylindrical molds, obtaining a kind of columns. They are allowed to cool and sawed into washers. Then the blanks are heated and sent under a hydraulic press, where the washers are turned into flat wheels. With the help of various nozzles, the wheels are given the desired shape, most resembling a pot with a rim. Due to repeated exposure to the metal structure and its stretching, graininess is replaced by fibrousness, and the powerful pressure provides a denser and stronger texture, without excess air.

As a result,T6061-T6 forged wheels are able to withstand increased loads. The resulting blanks are sent to a milling machine, where they are given a specified design, mounting holes, stiffening ribs, etc.

2. Weight. Forged wheels are available from 15” to 36”, and all much lighter than cast wheels, as the metal becomes denser and stronger during the production process, and there is no need to thicken the walls of the rim. In addition, stamping makes it possible to obtain a thinner profile of products than with casting. Two wheels with the same size can have a difference in weight of 3-4 kg.

3. Cost. Hot stamping of wheels requires the installation of a special production line, a powerful hydraulic press, expensive processing machines with program control. The process itself is considered very resource-intensive, including time, which affects the price:custom forged wheels are almost twice as expensive as cast wheels.

Lightweight Forged Wheels for Fuel Efficiency

Should car wheel scratches be repaired?

When driving, car wheels, especially high-performance forged wheels, inevitably encounter diverse road conditions, leading to occasional scratches. Faced with these marks on their car wheels, many owners find themselves torn between ignoring them and rushing to get them repaired.

Foremost, scratches on car wheels not only detract from their aesthetics but could potentially compromise driving safety. While minor scratches may merely mar the surface, deeper ones could damage the internal structure of therim, weakening its strength and heightening driving risks. Therefore, for pronounced scars or deformations, a prompt visit to a professional repair shop for inspection and restoration is highly recommended.

However, for superficial scratches, if the owner is not particularly meticulous about appearance and confirms that therim's strength remains unaffected, opting for temporary non-repair is an option. Nonetheless, it's crucial to acknowledge that these scratches could deteriorate over time, potentially leading to rust.

In summary, the decision to repair car wheel scratches hinges on the scar severity and the owner's personal preferences, with special consideration given to forged wheels due to their performance attributes. To ensure driving safety, owners should make a preliminary assessment upon discovering wheel scratches and seek professional maintenance assistance when necessary. After all, the integrity of the wheelrim, particularly in high-performance forged wheels, is directly tied to driving stability and safety.

22 inch 5 lug rims

Why do more and more car owners choose T6061-T6 aluminum alloy forged wheels?

Mainly because of the below advantages of the aluminum alloy forged wheels:

1) Unique design.

Forged wheels are produced both according to existing templates and individual designs from the customers. You can add originality to the discs with the help of color painting (the constantly updated color range offers great opportunities in this regard), laser or mechanical engraving

2) High safety margin.

3) Low weight.

The low weight provides a smooth ride, lower fuel consumption and fast speed gain. Forged wheels have proven themselves in off-road and adverse weather conditions,

Forging weighs almost half as much as stamped steel wheels, and a third less than cast wheels. This leads to reduced load on the chassis.

4) Resistance to corrosion and the effects of road reagents.

5) Plasticity. The fiber structure improves the flexibility of the metal, so in a strong blow the rim is more likely to bend than crack.

6) Easy to install: If you want something original and reliable, forged products have the advantage. Only it is better to put them on cars with reinforced suspension.

7) Inexpensive to repair. Small deformations that may occur during use or in a traffic accident are eliminated by rolling on the machine, which are available at most service stations.

Kinder reminder:

When choosing unique forged wheels, it is imperative to take into account the seating diameter, rim width, size and configuration of mounting holes, rim outreach (affects the width of the track), maximum load.

FYI, custom forged wheels can be made in different size from 15” to 32”, even bigger.

Wish the above information is helpful to the lovers of forged wheels.